Impacto de la edad, las comorbilidades y las complicaciones en pacientes con COVID-19 con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en la ventilación mecánica invasiva. Estudio multicéntrico observacional / Impact of Age, Comorbidities and Complications in COVID-19 Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. An Observational Multicenter Study

Objetivos: Millones de pacientes con COVID-19 fueron internados en terapia intensiva en el mundo, la mitad desarrollaron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) y recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI), con una mortalidad del 50%. Analiza-mos cómo edad, comorbilidades y complicaciones, en pacientes con COVID-19 y SDRA que recibieron VMI, se asociaron con el riesgo de morir durante su hospitalización.Métodos: Estudio de cohorte observacional, retrospectivo y multicéntrico realizado en 5 hospitales (tres privados y dos públicos universitarios) de Argentina y Chile, durante el segundo semestre de 2020.Se incluyeron pacientes >18 años con infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada RT-PCR, que desarrollaron SDRA y fueron asistidos con VMI durante >48 horas, durante el se-gundo semestre de 2020. Se analizaron los antecedentes, las comorbilidades más fre-cuentes (obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión), y las complicaciones shock, insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) y neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAV), por un lado, y las alteraciones de parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio registrados.Resultados: El 69% era varón. La incidencia de comorbilidades difirió para los diferentes grupos de edad. La mortalidad aumentó significativamente con la edad (p<0,00001). Las comorbilidades, hipertensión y diabetes, y las complicaciones de IRA y shock se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad. En el análisis multivariado, sólo la edad mayor de 60 años, la IRA y el shock permanecieron asociados con la mortalidad. Conclusiones: El SDRA en COVID-19 es más común entre los mayores. Solo la edad >60 años, el shock y la IRA se asociaron a la mortalidad en el análisis multivariado.

Objectives: Millions of patients with COVID-19 were admitted to intensive care world-wide, half developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with a mortality of 50%. We analyzed how age, comor-bidities and complications in patients with COVID-19 and ARDS who received IMV were associated with the risk of dying during their hospitalization.Methods: Observational, retrospective and multicenter cohort study carried out in 5 hospitals (three private and two public university hospitals) in Argentina and Chile, during the second half of 2020.Patients >18 years of age with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR, who devel-oped ARDS and were assisted with IMV for >48 hours, during the second half of 2020, were included. History, the most frequent comorbidities (obesity, diabetes and hyper-tension) and the complications of shock, acute renal failure (AKI) and pneumonia as-sociated with mechanical ventilation (VAP), on the one hand, and the alterations of re-corded clinical and laboratory parameters, were analyzed.Results: 69% were men. The incidence of comorbidities differed for different age groups. Mortality increased significantly with age (p<0.00001). Comorbidities, hyper-tension and diabetes, and complications of ARF and shock were significantly associat-ed with mortality. In the multivariate analysis, only age over 60 years, ARF and shock remained associated with mortality.Conclusions: ARDS in COVID-19 is more common among the elderly. Only age >60 years, shock and ARF were associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis

Neumonía en el paciente crítico: diagnóstico sindrómico rápido de PCR múltiple en un hospital general de agudos / Pneumonia in the critically ill patient: rapid syndromic diagnosis by multiplex PCR in a general hospital for acute care

Está demostrado en diversos estudios que los avances en el diagnóstico microbiológico reducen el tiempo de entrega de resultados y poseen un impacto clínico eviden-te. Hoy en día, las técnicas basadas en amplificación de ácidos nucleicos nos permiten hacer diagnóstico direc-tamente de la muestra y sumar la posibilidad de detectar más de un agente. Esto impacta tanto en el control de la multiresistencia (MR) como en el inicio de una terapéuti-ca apropiada. La implementación de un sistema de PCR múltiple rápido para neumonía puede ser útil en áreas crí-ticas, donde son frecuentes las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) y el tiempo es un condicionante del éxito terapéutico. El objetivo de nuestro proyecto fue evaluar la implementación del diagnóstico sindrómico rápido por PCR múltiple para neumonía en el manejo del tratamiento de IRA en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. La con-ducta terapéutica fue la variable relevante. Este nuevo diagnóstico nos proporcionó una herramienta ágil, con un tiempo de respuesta de tres a cuatro horas. La ausencia o presencia de genes de resistencia y el microorganismo identificado fueron lo que condujo a la conducta terapéuti-ca acertada en el 75% de los casos. Constituyó una herra-mienta importante para el control de la multirresistencia bacteriana y aumentó la oportunidad de éxito terapéutico

It has been shown in various studies that advances in microbiological diagnosis reduce the delivery time of results and have an evident clinical impact. Today, techniques based on nucleic acid amplification allow us to diagnose directly from the sample and add the possibility of detecting more than one agent. This impacts both the control of MR and the initiation of appropriate therapy. The implementation of a rapid multiplex PCR system for pneumonia can be useful in critical areas where acute respiratory infections (ARI) are frequent and time is a determining factor for therapeutic success. The objective of our project was to evaluate the implementation of rapid syndromic diagnosis by multiple PCR for pneumonia in the management of ARI treatment in an Intensive Care Unit. The therapeutic behavior was the relevant variable. This new diagnosis provided us with an agile tool, with a response time of 3 to 4 hours. The absence or presence of resistance genes and the identified microorganism was what led to the correct therapeutic approach in 75% of the cases. It constituted an important tool for the control of bacterial multiresistance and increased the opportunity for therapeutic success.

Rinovirus y metapneumovirus en pacientes con infección respiratoria aguda grave / Rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in patients with severe acute respiratory infection

Introducción. Los virus son los principales agentes etiológicos en las infecciones respiratorias agudas graves; un alto porcentaje queda sin diagnóstico viral. Objetivo. Describir la frecuencia de rinovirus y metapneumovirus en pacientes pediátricos de una unidad centinela de Mar del Plata con infección respiratoria aguda grave y resultado negativo para virus clásicos por inmunofluorescencia y biología molecular. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se evaluó la presencia de rinovirus y metapneumovirus por biología molecular en 163 casos negativos para panel respiratorio por técnicas de vigilancia referencial, durante todo el año 2015. Resultados. Se detectó rinovirus en el 51,5 % de los casos, metapneumovirus en el 9,8 % y coinfección rinovirus-metapneumovirus en el 6,1 %. Fueron negativos para ambos virus el 32,5 %. Conclusiones. La selección de muestras sin diagnóstico virológico permitió identificar rinovirus y metapneumovirus como agentes causales de infecciones respiratorias agudas graves pediátricas y su impacto en la morbimortalidad infantil y en nuestro sistema sanitario.

Introduction. Viruses are the main etiologic agents involved in severe acute respiratory tract infections; a viral diagnosis is not established in a high percentage of cases. Objective. To describe the frequency of rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory infection and negative results for typical viruses by immunofluorescence and molecular biology at a sentinel unit of Mar del Plata. Population and methods. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The presence of rhinovirus and metapneumovirus was assessed by molecular biology in 163 cases negative for respiratory panel by referral surveillance techniques throughout 2015. Results. Rhinovirus was detected in 51.5% of cases, metapneumovirus in 9.8%, and coinfection with rhinovirus and metapneumovirus in 6.1%. Results were negative for both viruses in 32.5%. Conclusions. The selection of samples without a viral diagnosis allowed us to identify rhinovirus and metapneumovirus as causative agents of severe acute respiratory infections in children and assess their impact on child morbidity and mortality and on our health care system

Neumonía redonda unilateral en pediatría: informe de caso y revisión de la literatura / Unilateral round pneumonia in pediatrics: case report and review of the literature

Antecedentes: La neumonía redonda es una enfermedad que se presenta comúnmente en niños menores de 8 años, Streptococcus pneumoniae es el agente más frecuente que causa este tipo característico de neumonía. Tiene una incidencia que representa menos del 1% de las lesiones de monedas. Este es el primer caso documentado de neumonía redonda en Honduras. Descripción del caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de una paciente preescolar con historia de 7 días de presentar tos húmeda sin predominio de horario, acompañada de fiebre de 5 días de evolución, por lo que solicita atención médica en la Sala de Emergencia del Hospital de Occidente. Al examen físico: paciente en buen estado general, con frecuencia respiratoria 32 respiraciones por minuto, saturación de oxígeno 95%, sin dificultad respiratoria y pulmones bien ventilados. Fue ingresada a Sala de Pediatría, ya que presentaba un hemograma con leucocitosis y neutrofilia. En radiografía de tórax se observó radiopacidad homogénea en lóbulo inferior en pulmón izquierdo, motivo por el cual se decidió realizar tomografía computarizada de tórax en la cual se concluyó diagnóstico de neumonía redonda. Posteriormente después de terapia antibiótica con ampicilina se realizó radiografía control donde se observó resolución del consolidado neumónico. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de esta patología permitirá al médico reconocer que se trata de una enfermedad que tiene un curso benigno. Se recomienda siempre sospecharla en el contexto de un cuadro indicativo de infección respiratoria más un consolidado neumónico esférico de bordes definidos para evitar pruebas diagnósticas innecesarias...(AU)

Diferenças clínicas, radiológicas e espirométricas entre os pacientes póscovid- 19 estratificados de acordo com a gravidade inicial da doença / Clinical, radiological and spirometric differences between post-covid-19 patients stratified according to initial disease severity

Introdução: em março de 2020, a pandemia do SARS-CoV-2 foi declarada pela OMS, contabilizando mais de seis milhões de mortes e 600 milhões de casos confirmados. São necessários estudos para compreender a persistência dos sintomas após a infecção aguda, que podem se correlacionar com a gravidade inicial da doença. Objetivo: avaliar e comparar as características clínicas, espirométricas e radiológicas dos pacientes acometidos pela síndrome pós-COVID, estratificados conforme gravidade da infecção aguda pelo SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, realizado a partir de consultas ambulatoriais em amostra de conveniência. O estudo incluiu 232 pacientes, atendidos de novembro de 2020 a outubro de 2021. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: com COVID-19, sem internamento em unidade de terapia intensiva; e com internamento em unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: foram avaliados 232 pacientes acometidos pela COVID-19, sendo 69,4% do sexo feminino; idade média de 50 ± 12,8 anos. As comorbidades mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica (44,0%) e diabetes mellitus (21,1%). Dos pacientes estudados, 45,7% foram internados durante a fase aguda da doença, sendo que cinquenta (21,6%) foram alocados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Em relação à espirometria, o padrão de distúrbio restritivo foi verificado apenas nos pacientes internados em UTI. Na tomografia de tórax, o padrão de pneumonia em organização foi associado a pacientes que precisaram de internamento em unidade de terapia intensiva. Conclusão: este estudo evidencia que o distúrbio ventilatório restritivo e a presença de pneumonia em organização tiveram associação com quadros iniciais mais graves.

Introduction: in March 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was declared by the WHO, accounting for more than six million deaths and 600 million confirmed cases. Studies are required to understand the persistence of symptoms after acute infection, which may correlate with the initial severity of the disease. Objective: to evaluate and compare the clinical, spirometric and radiological characteristics of patients affected by the post-COVID syndrome, stratified according to the severity of the acute infection by SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: this is a cross-sectional study, carried out from outpatient consultations in a convenience sample. The study included 232 patients, seen from November 2020 to October 2021. Patients were divided into 2 groups: with COVID-19, without admission to an intensive care unit; and with admission to the intensive care unit. Results: 232 patients affected by COVID-19 were evaluated, 69.4% of whom were female; average age of 50 ± 12.8 years. The most common comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension (44.0%) and diabetes mellitus (21.1%). Of the patients studied, 45.7% were hospitalized during the acute phase of the disease, and fifty (21.6%) were allocated to an intensive care unit (ICU). Regarding spirometry, the pattern of restrictive disorder was verified only in patients admitted to the ICU. On chest tomography, the pattern of organizing pneumonia was associated with patients who required admission to the intensive care unit. Conclusion: this study shows that restrictive ventilatory disorder and the presence of organizing pneumonia were associated with more severe initial conditions.

Morbimortalidade por pneumonia no estado da Bahia no período pré e durante a pandemia de COVID-19 ­ base de dados do DATASUS / Pneumonia morbidity and mortality in the state of Bahia in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic ­ DATASUS database

Introdução: a pneumonia é uma infecção nos pulmões, provocada pela penetração de microrganismos. Outras infeções respiratórias, incluindo a SARS-COV-2, podem agravar a clínica do paciente. Por sua vez, esta é uma doença sistêmica, com foco pulmonar que pode gerar complicações respiratórias, dentre elas a pneumonia. Neste seguimento, estudos evidenciam que 15% dos pacientes com COVID-19 podem apresentar pneumonia leve e 5% evoluir para pneumonia grave. Objetivo: comparar a ocorrência de morbimortalidade por pneumonia no Estado da Bahia, no período pré e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo ecológico, quantitativo, com dados públicos, disponíveis no Sistema Informações em Saúde da plataforma DataSUS/ TABNet, referentes ao Estado da Bahia, no período de jan./2018 a dez./2021. Foram selecionados os dados: internamentos, média de internamento, óbitos e taxa de mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva, frequência relativa, e estatística analítica com o teste de frequências relativas U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: o Estado da Bahia, registrou um total de 48 mil internações por pneumonia, com média de taxa de permanência de internamento de 6,4 dias e um total de 8 mil óbitos, com média de taxa de mortalidade de 16,91% ao ano. Observa-se que ocorreu redução nas internações e óbitos, e aumento na taxa de mortalidade por pneumonia, no período estudado (P<0,001). Conclusão: contudo, verificou-se que no Estado da Bahia durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19, ocorreram redução no número de internados e óbitos, e aumento na taxa de mortalidade por pneumonia, comparando-se ao mesmo período pré pandemia.

Introduction: pneumonia is an infection in the lungs, caused by exposure to microorganisms. Other respiratory infections, including SARS-COV-2, may aggravate the patient's health condition. In turn, this is a systemic disease, with a pulmonary focus that can lead to respiratory complications, including pneumonia. In this area, studies show that 15% of patients with COVID-19 may have mild pneumonia and 5% progress to severe pneumonia. Objective: to compare the occurrence of morbidity and mortality from pneumonia in the State of Bahia, in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: this is an ecological, quantitative study, with public data, available in the Health Information System of the DataSUS/TABNet platform, referring to the State of Bahia, from Jan./2018 to Dec./2021. Selected data: hospitalizations, average hospitalization, deaths and mortality rate. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, relative frequency, and analytical statistics with the Mann-Whitney U relative frequency test. Results: the State of Bahia recorded a total of 48,000 hospitalizations for pneumonia, with an average hospitalization stay rate of 6.4 days and a total of 8,000 deaths, with an average mortality rate of 16.91% per year. It is observed that there was a reduction in hospitalizations and deaths, and an increase in the mortality rate due to pneumonia, in the studied period (P<0.001). Conclusion: however, it was found that in the State of Bahia during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in the number of hospitalizations and deaths, and an increase in the mortality rate due to pneumonia, compared to the same pre-pandemic period.

Absceso en miocardio secundario a neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Pseudomona aeruginosa en lactante inmunocompetente: reporte de caso / Myocardial abscess secondary to community acquired Pseudomona aeruginosa pneumonia in an immunocompetent infant: case report

La Pseudomona aeruginosa es una causa importante de infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud y en las neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad, rara vez se identifica como el agente patógeno, siendo estas de progresión rápida y de mal pronóstico. Se trata de un menor de un año de edad inmunocompetente el cual fallece en casa una semana después de una lesión en la planta del pie derecho que según familiares le sacaron "pus", tratado con antinflamatorios y analgésicos. Se le realizó necropsia que evidenció cicatriz en planta de pie derecho sin lesiones traumáticas. Pulmones de consistencia indurada, con adherencias y áreas que impresionan necróticas, asociada a efusión pleural. El estudio histológico reportó un proceso infeccioso pulmonar agudo abscedado que se diseminó por continuidad a tejido cardiaco y en estudios microbiológicos de pulmón y bazo se reportó Pseudomona aeruginosa.

Pseudomona aeruginosa is an important cause of health care-associated infections and in community-acquired pneumonias, it is rarely identified as the pathogenic agent, being of rapid progression and poor prognosis. This is a one-year-old immunocompetent minor who died at home one week after a lesion in the sole of the right foot which, according to family members, caused "pus", treated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. A necropsy was performed, which showed a scar on the sole of the right foot with no traumatic lesions. Lungs of indurated consistency, with adhesions and areas that appear necrotic, associated with pleural effusion. The histological study reported an abscessed acute pulmonary infectious process that spread by continuity to cardiac tissue and microbiological studies of lung and spleen reported Pseudomona aeruginosa.

Hallazgos en tomografía de tórax en el seguimiento a 4, 8 y 12 meses después de una neumonía grave por COVID-19 / Chest Tomography Findings in Follow-Up at 4, 8 and 12 Months after Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

Introducción: el SARS-CoV-2 causa daño multiorgánico, con predilección al epitelio respiratorio. Los estudios de imagen en tórax han sido determinantes en muchas patologías y, durante la reciente pandemia, no fue excepción. En el seguimiento con tomografía de tórax post COVID-19 en varias series, se ha observado persistencia de lesiones al egreso y a lo largo de varios meses. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir los hallazgos tomográficos en pacientes con seguimiento hasta un año post egreso hospitalario por COVID-19 moderado-grave. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 moderado-grave de marzo 2020 a marzo 2022 en el hospital del ISSSTE, Chiapas-México; con prueba RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positiva, TC de hospitalización y de seguimiento posterior al egreso (0-4 meses; 4-8 meses; 8-12 meses). Se utilizó la terminología de la sociedad Fleischner. Además, se evaluó la extensión por lóbulo afectado (>75%, 75-50%, 50-25%, <25%). Resultados: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes, 74% hombres, edad promedio 56 años. El patrón tomográfico predominante al ingreso fue el mixto con 56% y extensión pulmonar >75%; vidrio despulido 30% y 11% consolidación. Al cuarto y octavo mes el patrón mixto fue el más frecuente, al doceavo mes persistía en el 33% de los pacientes y en el 30% de los casos la tomografía fue normal. Conforme pasaron los meses, la extensión del daño fue limitándose. Conclusión: el seguimiento con tomografía en COVID-19 moderado-grave es indiscutible. Permite identificar con precisión el patrón tomográfico en los diferentes momentos de la enfermedad, optimizar el tratamiento y disminuir las secuelas.

Terapia de REGEN COV como base de terapia inmunomoduladora mixta en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía por SARS-CoV-2: Serie de casos / REGEN COV Therapy as the Basis of Mixed Immunomodulatory Therapy in Patients Hospitalized for SARS- CoV-2 Pneumonia: Case Series

Los países en desarrollo con sistema de salud de baja inversión encuentran un reto en priorizar el tratamiento de COVID-19 según su eficacia y sus costos. Materiales y métodos: se explora la utilidad hospitalaria de una intervención segura con eficacia ambulatoria comprobada. Se describe la administración de un tratamiento inmunomodulador combinado a base de imdevimab y casirivimab (REGEN COV). Resultados: los resultados individualizados apuntan a resultados prometedores en pacientes de alto riesgo a progresión y mortalidad. Conclusión: se ha demostrado que REGEN COV es eficiente para tratar dicha enfermedad. Sin embargo, se necesitan ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para comprobar su eficacia en combinación. (AU)

Developing countries with low-investment health systems find it challenging to prioritize COVID-19 treatment according to its efficacy and affordability. Materials and methods: therefore, the in-hospital utility of a safe intervention with outpatient efficacy is explored. We describe the administration of immunomodulatory combination therapy based on imdevimab and casirivimab (REGEN COV). Results: individualized results point to promising outcomes in patients at high risk of progression and mortality. Conclusion: REGEN COV has been shown to be efficient in treating said disease. However, randomized clinical trials are needed to verify their efficacy in combination. (AU)

Síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa con neumonía intersticial en un paciente con VIH / Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome with interstitial pneumonia in a patient with HIV

El síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa se produce en asociación con la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana; requiere cumplir con los criterios diagnósticos y descartar otras patologías infecciosas y autoinmunes. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 47 años que consultó por edema parotídeo bilateral, síndrome sicca, tos y síndrome de impregnación. Se observó en la tomografía de tórax infiltrado en «vidrio esmerilado¼, parcheado y bilateral. Se realizó diagnóstico de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana positivo y fibrobroncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar sin desarrollo de patógenos. Se interpreta como neumonía intersticial linfoidea asociada a síndrome de linfocitosis infiltrativa difusa. Se inició terapia antirretroviral con buena evolución y desaparición de los síntomas y de los infiltrados pulmonares.

Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome occurs in association with HIV infection; it requires meeting the diagnostic criteria and ruling out other infectious and autoimmune pathologies. We present the case of a 47-year-old woman who consulted for bilateral parotid edema, sicca syndrome, cough and impregnation syndrome, which was observed in the chest tomography infiltrated in ground glass, patched and bilateral. A diagnosis of HIV positive and fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was made without the development of pathogens. It is interpreted as lymphoid interstitial pneu monia associated with DILS. Antiretroviral therapy was started with good evolution and disappearance of symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates.

Rendimiento de los índices predictores de gravedad en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 / Performance of severity indexes for the prediction of adverse events among patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND: Severity assessment in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) allows to guide the site of care (ambulatory or hospitalization), diagnostic workup and treatment. AIM: To examine the performance of twelve severity predictive indexes (CRB65, CURB65, PSI, SCAP, SMART-COP, REA-ICU, ATS minor criteria, qSOFA, CALL, COVID GRAM, 4C, STSS) in adult patients hospitalized for CAP associated with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective clinical study conducted between April 1 and September 30, 2020 in adult patients hospitalized for CAP associated with COVID-19 in a clinical hospital. The recorded adverse events were admission to the critical care unit, use of mechanical ventilation (MV), prolonged length of stay, and hospital mortality. The predictive rules were compared based on their sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Adverse events were more common and hospital stay longer in the high-risk categories of the different prognostic indices. CURB-65, PSI, SCAP, COVID GRAM, 4 C and STSS predicted the risk of death accurately. PSI, SCAP, ATS minor criteria, CALL and 4 C criteria were sensitive in predicting the risk of hospital mortality with high negative predictive value. The performance of different prognostic indices decreased significantly for the prediction of ICU admission, use of mechanical ventilation, and prolonged hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the prognostic indices differs significantly for the prediction of adverse events in immunocompetent adult patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia associated with COVID-19.

Neumonitis por hipersensibilidad fibrótica: reporte de casos y propuesta de fuentes de exposición en nuestro medio / Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: case report and proposal of sources of exposure in our environment

Una excesiva respuesta inmune a antígenos inhalados en algunos individuos susceptibles puede causar neumonitis por hipersensibilidad, considerada una entidad prevalente entre las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas. Recientemente, se ha propuesto un cambio radical en la clasificación de esta infravalorada entidad. En este reporte describimos las características clínicas y radiológicas de tres casos de neumonitis por hipersensibilidad fibrótica: pulmón de cuidador de aves, pulmón de almohada de plumas y alveolitis química. Se muestra una tabla con las probables ocupaciones o exposiciones de riesgo en nuestro medio y se realiza una revisión actualizada del tema. Palabras clave:neumonía; enfermedadespulmonaresintersticiales; alveolitis alérgica extrínseca

An excessive immune response to inhaled antigens in some susceptible individuals can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis, considered a prevalent entity among diffuse interstitial lung diseases. A radical change in the classification of this undervalued entity has recently been proposed. In this report we describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of three cases of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: bird keeper's lung, feather pillow lung, and chemical alveolitis. A table is shown with the probable occupations or risk exposures in our environment and an updated review of the subject is carried out.Key Words:pneumonia; interstitial lung diseases; extrinsic allergic alveolitis

Uso de suplementos nutricionais por crianças vivendo com HIV: revisão narrativa / Use of dietary supplements by children living with HIV: narrative review / Uso de suplementos dietéticos por niños que viven con el HIV: revisión narrativa

Introdução: A suplementação nutricional em pessoas vivendo com HIV ainda é pouco difundida, sendo essencial o levantamento de evidências que apontem as terapêuticas mais eficientes para beneficiar a saúde desta população. Ao se tratar do público infantil, no qual a prevalência de carências nutricionais é elevada, o conhecimento acerca da suplementação nutricional é bastante profícuo. Objetivo: Analisar relatórios de pesquisa acerca dos efeitos do uso de suplementos nutricionais em crianças vivendo com HIV. Desenho do estudo e local: Uma revisão narrativa realizada na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, em Imperatriz, município localizado no oeste do estado do Maranhão. Método: Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, WHO/OMS e biblioteca digital de teses e dissertações da USP entre setembro de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. Resultados: Foram incluídas 26 produções, as quais demonstraram que o uso de múltiplos nutrientes reduziu o tempo de hospitalização em crianças admitidas com diarreia ou pneumonia, melhorando a morbidade, concentração de hemoglobina e ganho ponderal. A oferta de ferro foi considerada satisfatória no combate à progressão da doença, vitamina A melhorou o quadro de diarreia persistente e vitamina D a habilidade motora neuromuscular. Conclusão: Os estudos sobre suplementação nutricional e a relação dos nutrientes com os diversos aspectos de saúde das crianças vivendo com HIV tem avançado. Logo, é necessário alargar as pesquisas no tema em contextos distintos, a fim de incrementar e gerar novas evidências, colaborando para uma conduta mais assertiva dos profissionais de saúde e consequente melhora no prognóstico dessas crianças.

Background: Providing nutritional supplementation to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a therapeutic intervention still not widespread, so it is essential to gather evidence supporting efficient therapies to benefit the health of this population. The prevalence of nutritional deficiencies is high in children; consequently, the knowledge about nutritional supplementation in this age group is quite fruitful. Objective: To analyze research reports on the effects of nutritional supplementation in children living with HIV. Design and setting: A narrative review was conducted at the Federal University of Maranhão, Imperatriz, west of the Maranhão State. Methods: The searches were performed in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and World Health Organization (WHO) databases and the São Paulo University's digital library of theses and dissertations from September 2021 to January 2022. Results: Twenty-six studies were included and showed that using multiple nutrients reduced the hospitalization time of children admitted with diarrhea or pneumonia, improving morbidity, hemoglobin concentration, and weight gain. The supply of iron was considered effective in combating the progression of the disease, vitamin A improved the condition of persistent diarrhea, and vitamin D improved neuromuscular motor skills. Conclusion: Studies have advanced on nutritional supplementation, the relationship between nutrients, and the different health aspects of children living with HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to expand research on the subject in different contexts to increase and generate new evidence, contributing to more assertive conduct of health professionals and consequent improvement in the prognosis of these children.

Antecedentes: La administración de suplementos nutricionales a las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una intervención terapéutica aún poco extendida, por lo que es fundamental reunir pruebas que apoyen terapias eficaces en beneficio de la salud de esta población. La prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales es elevada en niños, por lo que el conocimiento sobre la suplementación nutricional en este grupo de edad es bastante fructífero. Objetivo: Analizar los informes de investigación sobre los efectos de la suplementación nutricional en niños que viven con el VIH. Diseño y escenario: Se realizó una revisión narrativa en la Universidad Federal de Maranhão, Imperatriz, al oeste del Estado de Maranhão. Métodos: Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus y Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y en la biblioteca digital de tesis y disertaciones de la Universidad de São Paulo desde septiembre de 2021 hasta enero de 2022. Resultados: Se incluyeron 26 estudios que mostraron que el uso de múltiples nutrientes redujo el tiempo de hospitalización de los niños ingresados con diarrea o neumonía, mejorando la morbilidad, la concentración de hemoglobina y el aumento de peso. El aporte de hierro se consideró eficaz para combatir la progresión de la enfermedad, la vitamina A mejoró el cuadro de diarrea persistente y la vitamina D mejoró las habilidades motoras neuromusculares. Conclusiones: Los estudios han avanzado sobre la suplementación nutricional, la relación entre los nutrientes y los diferentes aspectos de la salud de los niños que viven con el VIH. Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar las investigaciones sobre el tema en diferentes contextos para aumentar y generar nuevas evidencias, contribuyendo para una conducta más asertiva de los profesionales de salud y consecuente mejoría en el pronóstico de estos niños.

Comparison of epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestation of chickenpox between adults and children in Shandong Province from 2019 to 2021 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the differences between adults and children in the epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestations of chickenpox and provide a reference for the prevention strategy adjustment of chickenpox. Methods: The incidence data of chickenpox surveillance in Shandong Province from January 2019 to December 2021 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution of cases, and the chi-square test was used to compare the differences in epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of varicella cases between adults and children. Results: A total of 66 182 cases of chickenpox were reported from 2019 to 2021, including 24 085 cases of adults chickenpox, the male to female sex ratio was 1∶1 (12 032∶12 053), basically the same for men and women, and 42 097 cases of children chickenpox, with a gender ratio of 1.4∶1, the male to female ratio was 1.4∶1 (24 699∶17 398). Fever in chickenpox cases was mainly low and moderate, but the proportion of moderate fever with temperature between 38.1 and 39.0 ℃ in children cases (35.0%,14 744/42 097) was significantly higher than that in adults (32.0%,7 696/24 085). The number of herpes in chickenpox cases was mainly less than 50, but the proportion of severe cases with 100-200 herpes in children was higher than that in adults. The incidence rate of complications was 1.4% (333/24 085) in adults chickenpox, the incidence rate of complications was 1.7% (731/42 097) in children chickenpox. The incidence of encephalitis and pneumonia in children was higher than in adults, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of chickenpox cases was mainly outpatient, but the hospitalization rate of children cases was 14.4% (6 049/42 097), higher than that of adults, which was 10.7% (2 585/24 085). Conclusions: There were differences between adult chickenpox and child chickenpox in terms of epidemic and clinical manifestations; the symptoms of child chickenpox were more serious than adult chickenpox. However, the adult chickenpox population is generally susceptible and lacks immune strategy protection, which calls for more attention.

Establishment of risk prediction nomograph model for sepsis related acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with sepsis and to construct a risk nomogram model.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 234 sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Tianjin Hospital from January 2019 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into non-ARDS group (156 cases) and ARDS group (78 cases) according to the presence or absence of ARDS. The gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, smoking history, history of alcoholism, temperature, respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary infection, white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), D-dimer, oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), lactic acid (Lac), procalcitonin (PCT), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors of sepsis related ARDS. Based on the screened independent risk factors, a nomogram prediction model was constructed, and Bootstrap method was used for internal verification. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to verify the prediction and accuracy of the model.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, smoking history, alcoholism history, temperature, WBC, Hb, PLT, PT, APTT, FIB, PCT, BNP and SCr between the two groups. There were significant differences in RR, MAP, pulmonary infection, D-dimer, PaO2/FiO2, Lac, ALB, BUN, APACHE II score and SOFA score (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that increased RR, low MAP, pulmonary infection, high Lac and high APACHE II score were independent risk factors for sepsis related ARDS [RR: odds ratio (OR) = 1.167, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.019-1.336; MAP: OR = 0.962, 95%CI was 0.932-0.994; pulmonary infection: OR = 0.428, 95%CI was 0.189-0.966; Lac: OR = 1.684, 95%CI was 1.036-2.735; APACHE II score: OR = 1.577, 95%CI was 1.202-2.067; all P < 0.05]. Based on the above independent risk factors, a risk nomograph model was established to predict sepsis related ARDS (accuracy was 81.62%, sensitivity was 66.67%, specificity was 89.10%). The predicted values were basically consistent with the measured values, and the AUC was 0.866 (95%CI was 0.819-0.914).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Increased RR, low MAP, pulmonary infection, high Lac and high APACHE II score are independent risk factors for sepsis related ARDS. Establishment of a risk nomograph model based on these factors may guide to predict the risk of ARDS in sepsis patients.

Risk factors for progression to severe pneumonia in children visiting the emergency department with pneumonia / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the risk factors for developing severe pneumonia in children under 5 years old with pneumonia.@*METHODS@#A case-control study was conducted 246 children with pneumonia between 2 and 59 months old who were admitted to the department of emergency of the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2019 to May 2021 were enrolled. The children with pneumonia were screened according to the diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Case information of the children was reviewed to obtain relevant socio-demographic, nutritional status and potential risk factors. The independent risk factors for severe pneumonia were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression respectively.@*RESULTS@#Among the 246 patients with pneumonia, 125 were male and 121 were female. The average age was (21.0±2.9) months, 184 children with severe pneumonia. The results of population epidemiological characteristics showed that there were no significant differences in gender, age and place of residence between the severe pneumonia group and the pneumonia group. Prematurity, low birth weight, congenital malformation, anemia, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, nutritional support, treatment delay, malnutrition, invasive treatment, history of respiratory infection were all related factors affecting the occurrence of severe pneumonia (severe pneumonia group vs. pneumonia group: the proportion of premature infants was 9.52% vs. 1.23%, low birth weight was 19.05% vs. 6.79%, congenital malformation was 22.62% vs. 9.26%, anemia was 27.38% vs. 16.05%, length of ICU stay < 48 hours was 63.10% vs. 38.89%, enteral nutritional support was 34.52% vs. 20.99%, treatment delay was 42.86% vs. 29.63%, malnutrition was 27.38% vs. 8.64%, invasive treatment was 9.52% vs. 1.85%, respiratory tract infection history was 67.86% vs. 40.74%, all P > 0.05). However, breastfeeding, type of infection, nebulization, use of hormones, use of antibiotics, etc. were not risk factors affecting severe pneumonia. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that history of premature birth, low birth weight, congenital malformation, treatment delay, malnutrition, invasive treatment, and history of respiratory infection were independent risk factors for severe pneumonia [history of premature birth: odds ratio (OR) = 2.346, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.452-3.785; low birth weight: OR = 15.784, 95%CI was 5.201-47.946; congenital malformation: OR = 7.135, 95%CI was 1.519-33.681; treatment delay: OR = 11.541, 95%CI was 2.734-48.742; malnutrition: OR = 14.453, 95%CI was 4.264-49.018; invasive treatment: OR = 6.373, 95%CI was 1.542-26.343; history of respiratory infection: OR = 5.512, 95%CI was 1.891-16.101, all P < 0.05].@*CONCLUSIONS@#Premature birth history, low birth weight, congenital malformation, delayed treatment, malnutrition, invasive treatment, and history of respiratory infection are independent risk factors for severe pneumonia in children under 5 years old.

A case of acute severe cryptogenic organic pneumonia with secondary hemophilia / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Cryptogenic organic pneumonia (COP) refers to organic pneumonia that has not been identified a clear cause by current medical methods. A small proportion of COP can exhibit severe and progressive characteristics, while severe COP can cause systemic inflammatory storms and can be secondary to hemophilia. This article reported a case of acute severe COP secondary to hemophilia. A 67-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to cough, shortness of breath, and fever. At first, he was misdiagnosed as severe pneumonia, but failed to receive anti infection treatments. Sputum pathogenetic examination and Macrogene testing of alveolar lavage fluid were performed, and no etiology was found to explain the patient's condition. The condition was gradually worsened and hemophilia occurred to explain, suggesting that acute severe COP was relevant. After receiving hormone treatment, the condition gradually relieved and the absorption of lung lesions improved. Hemophilia secondary to COP is rare, and the specific mechanism needs further study.

Yinlai Decoction Protects Microstructure of Colon and Regulates Serum Level of D-Lactic Acid in Pneumonia Mice Fed with High-Calorie and High-Protein Diet / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of Yinlai Decoction (YD) on the microstructure of colon, and activity of D-lactic acid (DLA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) in serum of pneumonia mice model fed with high-calorie and high-protein diet (HCD).@*METHODS@#Sixty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups by the random number table method: normal control, pneumonia, HCD, HCD with pneumonia (HCD-P), YD (229.2 mg/mL), and dexamethasone (15.63 mg/mL) groups, with 10 in each group. HCD mice were fed with 52% milk solution by gavage. Pneumonia mice was modeled with lipopolysaccharide inhalation and was fed by gavage with either the corresponding therapeutic drugs or saline water, twice daily, for 3 days. After hematoxylin-eosin staining, the changes in the colon structure were observed under light microscopy and transmission electron microscope, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the protein levels of DLA and DAO in the serum of mice.@*RESULTS@#The colonic mucosal structure and ultrastructure of mice in the normal control group were clear and intact. The colonic mucosal goblet cells in the pneumonia group tended to increase, and the size of the microvilli varied. In the HCD-P group, the mucosal goblet cells showed a marked increase in size with increased secretory activity. Loose mucosal epithelial connections were also observed, as shown by widened intercellular gaps with short sparse microvilli. These pathological changes of intestinal mucosa were significantly reduced in mouse models with YD treatment, while there was no significant improvement after dexamethasone treatment. The serum DLA level was significantly higher in the pneumonia, HCD, and HCD-P groups as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). Serum DLA was significantly lower in the YD group than HCD-P group (P<0.05). Moreover, serum DLA level significantly increased in the dexamethasone group as compared with the YD group (P<0.01). There was no statistical significance in the serum level of DAO among groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#YD can protect function of intestinal mucosa by improving the tissue morphology of intestinal mucosa and maintaining integrity of cell connections and microvilli structure, thereby reducing permeability of intestinal mucosa to regulate the serum levels of DLA in mice.

Effect of Different Antitumor Regimens on Incidence and Severity of Corona Virus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Lung Cancer Patients: A Single-center Retrospective Study / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Studies have shown that the incidence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with lung cancer are higher than those in healthy people. At present, the main anti-tumor treatments for lung cancer include surgery, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and anti-angiogenesis therapy. While the effects of different anti-tumor treatments on the occurrence and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia are not uniform. Therefore, we aimed to describe clinical characteristics and antitumor therapy of patients with lung cancer and COVID-19 pneumonia, and examined risk factors for severity in this population.@*METHODS@#From December 1, 2022 to February 15, 2023, a retrospective study was conducted in 217 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and pathologically confirmed lung cancer in the Jinling Hospital. We collected data about patients' clinical features, antitumor treatment regimen within 6 months, and the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Risk factors for occurrence and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia were identified by univariable and multivariable Logistic regression models.@*RESULTS@#(1) Among the 217 patients included, 51 (23.5%) developed COVID-19 pneumonia, of which 42 (82.4%) were classified as medium and 9 (17.6%) were classified as severe; (2) Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed overweight (OR=2.405, 95%CI: 1.095-5.286) and intrapulmonary focal radiotherapy (OR=2.977, 95%CI: 1.071-8.274) are risk factors for increasing occurrence of COVID-19 pneumonia, while other therapies are not; (3) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) history (OR=7.600, 95%CI: 1.430-40.387) was more likely to develop severe pneumonia and anti-tumor therapies such as intrapulmonary focal radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy did not increase severity.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Intrapulmonary focal radiation therapy within 6 months increased the incidence of COVID-19 pneumonia, but did not increase the severity. However, there was no safety concern for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery and immunotherapy.